Critical Whiteness in Education - 1173 Words

Theoretical Framework of the Study As seen in the previous literature, empirical research in the last twenty years reveals the positive student outcomes associated to service-learning. However, as Susan Jones (2002) argues, student’s ability to actively participate in all aspects of their service-learning experience depends on â€Å"the intersection of the student’s own background. . . , developmental readiness for such a learning experience, and the privileging conditions that put a college student in a community service organization as a volunteer in the first place† (p. 13). Accordingly, different complexities may emerge when students â€Å"engage with ill structured, complex social issues present in the community service settings typically†¦show more content†¦Frankenberg (1993) describes Whiteness as multidimensional: â€Å"First, whiteness is a location of structural advantage, of race privilege. Second, it is a ‘standpoint’ and place from which white people look at ourselves, at others, and at society. Third, ‘whiteness’ refers to a set of cultural practices that are usually unmarked and unnamed†(p. 1). Although Whiteness has intangible systems of oppression, inequality, and unearned advantage that are not necessary seen, heard, or felt; nonetheless, they reproduce and support the idea of White as the ultimate form of racial identity. Butin (2005) examines the dynamics of Whiteness, and the extent to which student resistance â€Å"is conceptualized as occurring due to dominant students’ rejection of the exposure and analysis of these same hidden and/or explicit social, cultural, and academic structures and practices of the school that privilege and sustains White, middle-class norms†(p. 117). As such, addressing the dynamics of social problems through readings, classroom discussions, and community services visits may confront students with their conditions of privilege, as well as with new epistemologies that d o not necessary resonate with students’ previous knowledge of the world; therefore, students may feel uncomfortable, uneasy and unwilling to discuss social issues. Critical whiteness studiesShow MoreRelatedCritical Whiteness in Education Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pagesaforesaid discussion occurs when approaching service-learning as a critical pedagogy that strives for social justice (p. 7). In other words, when designing a service-learning curriculum to help students develop self-awareness, awareness of others, awareness of social issues, and developing ethics of service and social change. In order to examine service-learning from the perspective of student resistance, Jones proposes a new model: The Critical Developmental Lens. In doing so, different profiles of studentRead MoreThe Inequality That Black Students Experience1330 Words   |  6 Pagesfemales (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011). The second reason is that the less experienced teachers are commonly placed in the most difficult schools teaching the most difficult students (Douglas, Lewis, Scott, Garrison-Wade, 2008). Poor teacher quality is a huge factor in the achievement gap (Editorial Projects in Education Research Center, 2011). Receivement Gap The research conducted by Venzant-Chambers (2009) attempts to address the inequality that Black students experienceRead MoreAs I Reflect On The Process Of Writing This Rhetoric Analytic1610 Words   |  7 Pagesneeded a new article from a different journal so I could receive a well-deserved grade. After those mishaps, the paper was much easier to write. The two articles that I have chosen for this paper should be an interesting read for people within the education discipline because they are relevant to many things in the discipline now. Something different I would have done would be starting the whole paper differently. If I would have chosen the correct articles to begin with and utilize the directions betterRead MoreTheoretical Framework of the Study1189 Words   |  5 Pagesaforesaid discussion occurs when approaching service-learning as a critical pedagogy that strives for social justice (p. 7). In other words, when designing a service-learning curriculum to help students deve lop self-awareness, awareness of others, awareness of social issues, and developing ethics in service and social change. In order to examine service-learning from the perspective of student resistance, Jones proposes a new model: The Critical Developmental Lens. In doing so, different profiles of studentRead MoreCultural Marxist George Lipsitz In The Possessive Investment1698 Words   |  7 PagesInvestment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics consolidates both the structural theory of institutional racism and the political cultural ideology and conception of racism history in the context of political changes in the Untied States. Lipsitz is not the first historian to analyze critical racism theory, but he is the first to extend the analysis into the late twentieth century. Traditional historiographies of whiteness in the United States emphasize the critical examinationRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneration of Arab immigrants and education status of other generations to maintain the wealth achieved initially. (Cainkar 246) Over the years the United States government has attempted to put into place legislation that ‘fixes’ the atrocities of racial discrimination. These initiatives include affirmative action, mandatory integration, and targeted assistance programs. Critical whiteness theory examines whiteness as power. Modern day academics studying critical whiteness theory look at the idea of whiteRead MoreCritical Race Theory And Social Darwinism1248 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion One 1. Choose five of the following terms and define. Each answer should not be longer than four lines (approx. 60 words): †¢ CRITICAL RACE THEORY Critical race theory recognizes that in a society, the racism is inevitable which leads to the exploitation of people of inferior races in the hand of people of superior race. The theory recognizes that the power structure in the society leads to the exploitation of coloured people by white people. †¢ SOCIAL DARWINISM Social DarwinismRead MoreRace Speaks : Awareness Project1455 Words   |  6 Pages Race Speaks; Awareness Project The promise of education ensures students for a more stable and healthier lives. As a democratic society, it gives the ability to strive for a successful future and provides the institutional foundations for economic, social, cultural, and political aspects of it. Though this can certainly provoke positive and negative outcomes. Education can either be a motivation for equality among races, or it can teach people to hate one anotherRead MoreWilliam Edward Burghardt Du Bois Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesera of Reconstruction and lynching. Though he accomplished much in his life, Du Bois is largely known for helping found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and writing one of the most prominent works in American critical race theory, The Souls of Black Folk. Du Bois made it his life’s work to contest racism through self-assertion, humanize black people across the globe, and find a way to integrate black society and white American soc iety. Much of his rhetoric focusedRead MoreMy Future Career As A Speech Language Pathologist1208 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to taking this course, I honestly have not thought of my â€Å"identity,† referring to how my culture and race affect it. I identify myself as white, with my culture and heritage consisting of German, Irish, and a Scandinavian. I value family, education, and religion. But just because I identify myself with those components, does not mean my students will have those same components and values. I have learned to be more aware of cultural and racial barriers. It is important to recognize differences

UNESCOs Four Pillars of Learning Applied Essay - 2726 Words

UNESCO’s four pillars of education (learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to be) are guiding principles for educational change that emphasize a holistic and sustainable approach – a higher order set of skills to aspire for self-actualization to better meet our complex and ever-changing world. The pillars cut through cultural differences and unify all ages; they emphasize the basic individual right towards a new vision of life-long learning for the 21st Century. â€Å"Lifelong learning† covers learning from preschool age to post-retirement age ; however, much attention and research have been focused on education and learning for children and youth with little attention focused on the adult aspect of†¦show more content†¦I realized early on in my field study that the non-traditional ‘classroom’ setting of place of work was in fact an ideal source to observe evidence (or lack-there-of) of the values promot ed in ‘learning to do’, the pillar I would like to highlight in this paper. According to the UNESCO report Learning the Treasure Within (1996), the value of ‘learning to do’ not only involves acquiring â€Å"an occupational skill, but also more broadly, the competence to deal with many situations...It also means learning to do in a context of †¦ various social and work experiences, which may be informal as a result of the local or national context, or formal, involving courses, alternating study and work.† Interestingly when this report was issued in 1996, the vision was of creating and educating competent, skilled and mature individuals who were able to positively contribute to society; however, recent financial collapses in the global market due to dishonest and irresponsible conduct of members of the workforce have influenced the importance of ‘transparency’ and ‘sustainability’ of company interactions and transactions; this in turn has created a new focus for the values of learning to do. In UNESCOâ⠂¬â„¢s more recent publication, the Revised Recommendation concerningShow MoreRelatedAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagesprogressive societies. The promotion of peace through education is at the heart of UNESCO’s mission. As stated in its constitution of 1945, UNESCO advances international peace and the common welfare of humanity through educational, scientific and cultural relations between peoples of the world. Though the world has changed over the past sixty years and continues to change at an ever increasing rate, UNESCO’s mission - a commitment to promoting universal values of peace and nonviolence, humanRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1840 Words   |  8 Pageswhat kind of education or who should provide it? The fact is that UDHR was drawn up in 1948 when only a minority of young people in the world had access to any type of education, however, today we can say that situation is much better, showing that four out of five adults worldwide have some literacy skills. The purpose of the UDHRs article XXVI is not just having quantative aspect, but also qualitative. The UDHRs article XX VI has certain provisions that must be fulfilled in order to have qualitativeRead MoreA Study On Higher Education9871 Words   |  40 Pages2013). Yet still the country is well below average of the lower-middle-income economies (22.8% in 2012) [12]. In regards to the issue of HE being an economic driver, research by Sujitparapitaya et al. [13] shows that HE services sub-sector is a vital pillar of the US economy. Approximately 8.4% of the US population were enrolled in HEIs during the 2008-09 academic year, while in 2000-2001 over half a million foreign students studied in the USA bringing almost $11.04 billion into the U.S. economy [14]Read MoreKenyan Tourism Industry11160 Words   |  45 Pagessustainable Development 2.1 Meaning of ecotourism Although the origins of the concept of ecotourism are not certain, one of the first sources to have contributed to the discourse appears to be Hetzer (1965), who identified four pillars or principles of responsible tourism. These four pillars are minimizing environmental impacts, respecting the host cultures, maximizing benefits to local people, and maximizing tourist satisfaction (Blamey, 2001). Ecotourism holidays demand was boosted by concrete evidence

Diabetes Education Plan Free Essays

Introduction According to Johnson and Raterink (2009), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major global chronic health issue. Though, it is found that the condition is largely preventable as many of the risk factors for developing the disease such as excess weight, poor diet, inactivity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, are modifiable behaviours (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). A client newly diagnosed with Type 2 DM may be unaware that the illness can be effectively self-managed with changes to diet, lifestyle and if necessary the inclusion of oral hypoglycemic agents (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes Education Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the aim of the education plan is to assist the client to make educated lifestyle choices and changes that will improve health outcomes and reduce the risk of diabetic complications. The education plan will develop evidence-based client education strategies that focus on diabetes management and the modification of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. According to Funnell, Anderson, Austin, and Gillespie (2007), developing appropriate indvidualised educational strategies that increase client knowledge enables the client to make self-directed behavioural changes that aid in effective self-management and improved health outcomes. Background Diabetes care and self-management education needs to be tailored to the individual (Funnell et al. , 2007). The client, in whom this education plan is tailored for, is a 50 year old male with a body mass index of 32 who has been newly diagnosed with Type 2 DM. In designing the education plan it is also important to assess and include extended resources of support for the client (Goldie, 2008). Resources of support may include client’s family and friends, utilisation of local community services and allied health care providers such as social workers, dieticians and podiatrists (Hunt Grant, 2010). For the client to make informed choices they need to be educated on the disease process and possible complications. Diabetes is an illness that occurs when the body in unable to maintain normal levels of glucose in the blood (McKenny Short, 2011). Type 2 DM is a progressive disease, characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the secretion of insulin (AIHW, 2012). Chronic hyperglycemia affects function of cells and tissues and may result in cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, vision loss and lower limb amputations due to neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease complications (AIHW, 2008). Treatment of Type 2 DM is complex with evidence emphasizing the need and importance of a collaborative healthcare team approach (Robertson, 2011). Initial treatment for those newly diagnosed involves nutritional therapy and exercise to aid in weight loss (Zisser, Gong, Kelley, Seidman, Riddell, 2011). However, as Type 2 DM is a chronic progressive condition, pharmacotherapy is usually required (Tsang, 2012). Oral hypogylcaemic agents are typically the first pharmacological intervention to improve glycaemic control and these agents include Biguanides (Metformin), Sulphonylureas, Acarbose, Meglitinides, and Thiazolidinediones (Phillips Twigg, 2010; Sanchez, 2011). Tsang (2012) argues that Metformin is recommended as the first line of treatment. In addition, due to the progressive nature of the condition most clients will require insulin therapy to achieve and maintain adequate glycaemic control (Nyenwe, Jerkins, Umpierrez, Kitabchi, 2011). Newly diagnosed clients require substantial guidance and education regarding disease self-management (Johnson Raterink, 2009). Self-management issues the client and family may have include adhering continually to a daily regime of monitoring blood sugar levels and the self regulation of diet, exercise and medication (Long Gambling, 2011). Clients and their families also need to know how to manage the complications of diabetes including foot hygiene and the management of hypogylcaemic or hyperglycaemic episodes (Sanchez, 2011). Specific focus of education Through the identification of self management issues and potential areas of knowledge deficit, the nurse is able to tailor an education plan that focuses on the individual learning needs of the client and their family, resulting in mutually agreed upon short and long term goals (Aranda, 2008). Therefore, client and family education will focus on positive lifestyle modifications to increase physical activity and improve eating habits (Bartol, 2012). The lifestyle modifications of healthy eating and increased activity levels improve blood glucose control, aid in weight management, improve general health and may reduce the need for oral hypoglycemic agents (Sanchez, 2011; AIWH, 2012). In addition, education on the self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) focuses on self-management strategies. Education should focus on how to perform the test with the use of a blood glucose meter, how to care for equipment and how to manage a high or low blood glucose reading (Sanchez, 2011). SMBG is an important component of diabetes management as it enables the client to learn and evaluate the effects of diet and exercise on blood glucose levels which should aid better adherence to treatment regime (Nyenwe et al. , 2011). Client knowledge deficit in relation to oral hypogylcaemic medications and insulin therapy should also be addressed. Medication education should provide information regarding what each medication is, dosage, possible side effects and if they interact with any other medications (Bullock Manias, 2011). Education that focuses on medications is important as it can enhance clients understanding and willingness to take it (Bartol, 2011). Lastly, due to the increased risk of foot ulceration and lower limb amputations, it is important to provide an educational intervention that focuses on foot hygiene and care (Ogrin Sands, 2006). Diabetes education on foot care aims to prevent foot ulceration by focusing on self management strategies to improve foot care behaviours (The National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC], 2009). Education Strategies Before educational strategies can be implemented you must first identify possible challenges and any potential barriers to learning your client may have (Beagly, 2011). According to Beagly (2011) â€Å"barriers that inhibit patient education are age, literacy, language, culture and physiological obstacles† (p. 31). Preferred learning style, language, cognitive ability and literacy level are determined during the assessment process (Funnell et al. , 2007). As the client is a 50 year old male, the principles of adult learning should be applied when choosing an appropriate educational strategy (Bullock Manias, 2011). The principles of adult learning highlight that adults bring life experience with them and adults generally prefer self-directed, problem-based education that is relevant and applicable to their lives (Clapper, 2010). One-on-one discussion is one educational strategy found to have positive effects on lifestyle changes and increasing knowledge for clients with diabetes (NHMRC, 2009). One-on-one discussions enhance application of new information through the provision of relevant and practical advice, thus reflecting the principles of adult learning (Bullock Manias, 2011). These discussions also enable feedback on progression and application of theory into practice (Kaufman, 2003). Discussions should also include individual and group family education sessions. Mayberry and Osborn (2012) have found that when family members are educated on diabetes management, improvements in clients self-care behaviours, weight and glycaemic control were noted. Providing education through demonstration is another effective adult learning strategy and should be used for educating the client on SMBG and foot care. Demonstration is an effective strategy for my client as according to the theory of self-efficacy, â€Å"observing other people can strengthen our beliefs that we can perform similar tasks, even when the task is unfamiliar† (Kaufman, 2003, p. 14). Furthermore, both discussion and demonstration are effective strategies for my client as most middle aged adults still have the cognitive function and ability to learn new skills (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Diabetes management is multi-disciplinary and requires a collaborative healthcare approach (Hunt Grant, 2010). As a result, referring the client to a dietitian for review is an important education str ategy to aid in positive dietary modifications (Sanchez, 2011). This education strategy draws on the evidence-based practice guidelines for the nutritional management of Type 2 DM (Dietitians Association of Australia [DAA], 2006). The guideline highlights that the primary responsibility of the dietitian is to determine a nutrition plan in collaboration with the client’s needs and goals (DAA, 2006). Referring the client to local community services that provide free group exercise programs is also an important education strategy to be incorporated in the plan (Van Dijk, Tummers, Stehouwer, Hartgens, Van Loon, 2012). Kaufman (2003) argues that according to social learning theory people learn from one another through observation, imitation and modeling behaviour. Visual material including handouts, information packs and website resources are also effective educational strategies for adult learners as they assist self-directed learning (Beagley, 2011). Self directed learning is an effective intervention to facilitate behaviour changes as it enables the adult client to be responsible for their learning, promotes autonomy and can be shared and discussed with family and friend support networks (Funnell et al. 2007). Conclusion / Recommendations In conclusion, type DM is a self-managed chronic disease that requires those affected to be actively involved and informed in their own health care. This education plan has provided relevant information and identified appropriate evidence-based educational strategies that can assist the client newly diagnosed with type 2 DM to make positive lifestyle modificati ons and reduce the risk of complications. The education plan also emphasizes the importance of extended family and community support to assist in positive health outcomes. The translation of knowledge, willingness to change and sustain positive self-care behaviours is now the overall goal with diabetes management requiring ongoing education and support from healthcare professionals to help clients implement and sustain lifestyle changes (Long Gambling, (2011). It is recommended that the client has regular reviews and health checks then modification of educational needs and strategies can be assessed and implemented as the disease process changes and the needs to the client changes (Bartol, 2012; Funnell et al. , 2007). How to cite Diabetes Education Plan, Papers Diabetes Education Plan Free Essays Introduction According to Johnson and Raterink (2009), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major global chronic health issue. Though, it is found that the condition is largely preventable as many of the risk factors for developing the disease such as excess weight, poor diet, inactivity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, are modifiable behaviours (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). A client newly diagnosed with Type 2 DM may be unaware that the illness can be effectively self-managed with changes to diet, lifestyle and if necessary the inclusion of oral hypoglycemic agents (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes Education Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the aim of the education plan is to assist the client to make educated lifestyle choices and changes that will improve health outcomes and reduce the risk of diabetic complications. The education plan will develop evidence-based client education strategies that focus on diabetes management and the modification of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. According to Funnell, Anderson, Austin, and Gillespie (2007), developing appropriate indvidualised educational strategies that increase client knowledge enables the client to make self-directed behavioural changes that aid in effective self-management and improved health outcomes. Background Diabetes care and self-management education needs to be tailored to the individual (Funnell et al. , 2007). The client, in whom this education plan is tailored for, is a 50 year old male with a body mass index of 32 who has been newly diagnosed with Type 2 DM. In designing the education plan it is also important to assess and include extended resources of support for the client (Goldie, 2008). Resources of support may include client’s family and friends, utilisation of local community services and allied health care providers such as social workers, dieticians and podiatrists (Hunt Grant, 2010). For the client to make informed choices they need to be educated on the disease process and possible complications. Diabetes is an illness that occurs when the body in unable to maintain normal levels of glucose in the blood (McKenny Short, 2011). Type 2 DM is a progressive disease, characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the secretion of insulin (AIHW, 2012). Chronic hyperglycemia affects function of cells and tissues and may result in cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, vision loss and lower limb amputations due to neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease complications (AIHW, 2008). Treatment of Type 2 DM is complex with evidence emphasizing the need and importance of a collaborative healthcare team approach (Robertson, 2011). Initial treatment for those newly diagnosed involves nutritional therapy and exercise to aid in weight loss (Zisser, Gong, Kelley, Seidman, Riddell, 2011). However, as Type 2 DM is a chronic progressive condition, pharmacotherapy is usually required (Tsang, 2012). Oral hypogylcaemic agents are typically the first pharmacological intervention to improve glycaemic control and these agents include Biguanides (Metformin), Sulphonylureas, Acarbose, Meglitinides, and Thiazolidinediones (Phillips Twigg, 2010; Sanchez, 2011). Tsang (2012) argues that Metformin is recommended as the first line of treatment. In addition, due to the progressive nature of the condition most clients will require insulin therapy to achieve and maintain adequate glycaemic control (Nyenwe, Jerkins, Umpierrez, Kitabchi, 2011). Newly diagnosed clients require substantial guidance and education regarding disease self-management (Johnson Raterink, 2009). Self-management issues the client and family may have include adhering continually to a daily regime of monitoring blood sugar levels and the self regulation of diet, exercise and medication (Long Gambling, 2011). Clients and their families also need to know how to manage the complications of diabetes including foot hygiene and the management of hypogylcaemic or hyperglycaemic episodes (Sanchez, 2011). Specific focus of education Through the identification of self management issues and potential areas of knowledge deficit, the nurse is able to tailor an education plan that focuses on the individual learning needs of the client and their family, resulting in mutually agreed upon short and long term goals (Aranda, 2008). Therefore, client and family education will focus on positive lifestyle modifications to increase physical activity and improve eating habits (Bartol, 2012). The lifestyle modifications of healthy eating and increased activity levels improve blood glucose control, aid in weight management, improve general health and may reduce the need for oral hypoglycemic agents (Sanchez, 2011; AIWH, 2012). In addition, education on the self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) focuses on self-management strategies. Education should focus on how to perform the test with the use of a blood glucose meter, how to care for equipment and how to manage a high or low blood glucose reading (Sanchez, 2011). SMBG is an important component of diabetes management as it enables the client to learn and evaluate the effects of diet and exercise on blood glucose levels which should aid better adherence to treatment regime (Nyenwe et al. , 2011). Client knowledge deficit in relation to oral hypogylcaemic medications and insulin therapy should also be addressed. Medication education should provide information regarding what each medication is, dosage, possible side effects and if they interact with any other medications (Bullock Manias, 2011). Education that focuses on medications is important as it can enhance clients understanding and willingness to take it (Bartol, 2011). Lastly, due to the increased risk of foot ulceration and lower limb amputations, it is important to provide an educational intervention that focuses on foot hygiene and care (Ogrin Sands, 2006). Diabetes education on foot care aims to prevent foot ulceration by focusing on self management strategies to improve foot care behaviours (The National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC], 2009). Education Strategies Before educational strategies can be implemented you must first identify possible challenges and any potential barriers to learning your client may have (Beagly, 2011). According to Beagly (2011) â€Å"barriers that inhibit patient education are age, literacy, language, culture and physiological obstacles† (p. 31). Preferred learning style, language, cognitive ability and literacy level are determined during the assessment process (Funnell et al. , 2007). As the client is a 50 year old male, the principles of adult learning should be applied when choosing an appropriate educational strategy (Bullock Manias, 2011). The principles of adult learning highlight that adults bring life experience with them and adults generally prefer self-directed, problem-based education that is relevant and applicable to their lives (Clapper, 2010). One-on-one discussion is one educational strategy found to have positive effects on lifestyle changes and increasing knowledge for clients with diabetes (NHMRC, 2009). One-on-one discussions enhance application of new information through the provision of relevant and practical advice, thus reflecting the principles of adult learning (Bullock Manias, 2011). These discussions also enable feedback on progression and application of theory into practice (Kaufman, 2003). Discussions should also include individual and group family education sessions. Mayberry and Osborn (2012) have found that when family members are educated on diabetes management, improvements in clients self-care behaviours, weight and glycaemic control were noted. Providing education through demonstration is another effective adult learning strategy and should be used for educating the client on SMBG and foot care. Demonstration is an effective strategy for my client as according to the theory of self-efficacy, â€Å"observing other people can strengthen our beliefs that we can perform similar tasks, even when the task is unfamiliar† (Kaufman, 2003, p. 14). Furthermore, both discussion and demonstration are effective strategies for my client as most middle aged adults still have the cognitive function and ability to learn new skills (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Diabetes management is multi-disciplinary and requires a collaborative healthcare approach (Hunt Grant, 2010). As a result, referring the client to a dietitian for review is an important education str ategy to aid in positive dietary modifications (Sanchez, 2011). This education strategy draws on the evidence-based practice guidelines for the nutritional management of Type 2 DM (Dietitians Association of Australia [DAA], 2006). The guideline highlights that the primary responsibility of the dietitian is to determine a nutrition plan in collaboration with the client’s needs and goals (DAA, 2006). Referring the client to local community services that provide free group exercise programs is also an important education strategy to be incorporated in the plan (Van Dijk, Tummers, Stehouwer, Hartgens, Van Loon, 2012). Kaufman (2003) argues that according to social learning theory people learn from one another through observation, imitation and modeling behaviour. Visual material including handouts, information packs and website resources are also effective educational strategies for adult learners as they assist self-directed learning (Beagley, 2011). Self directed learning is an effective intervention to facilitate behaviour changes as it enables the adult client to be responsible for their learning, promotes autonomy and can be shared and discussed with family and friend support networks (Funnell et al. 2007). Conclusion / Recommendations In conclusion, type DM is a self-managed chronic disease that requires those affected to be actively involved and informed in their own health care. This education plan has provided relevant information and identified appropriate evidence-based educational strategies that can assist the client newly diagnosed with type 2 DM to make positive lifestyle modificati ons and reduce the risk of complications. The education plan also emphasizes the importance of extended family and community support to assist in positive health outcomes. The translation of knowledge, willingness to change and sustain positive self-care behaviours is now the overall goal with diabetes management requiring ongoing education and support from healthcare professionals to help clients implement and sustain lifestyle changes (Long Gambling, (2011). It is recommended that the client has regular reviews and health checks then modification of educational needs and strategies can be assessed and implemented as the disease process changes and the needs to the client changes (Bartol, 2012; Funnell et al. , 2007). How to cite Diabetes Education Plan, Essay examples

Beginning Of Civilization And It Represents-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Beginning Of Civilization And It Represents? Answer: Introduction Firewood as a product dates back to the beginning of civilization and it represents one of the simplest procedure of heating a home. The burning of firewood is considered to be eco-friendly as 96% of the released carbon has been already absorbed from the atmosphere (Kinash, Walmsley and Hemery 2013). It should also be noted that firewood is just a small or twisted piece of trees which are not utilized in buildings or furniture. Therefore it implies that a crop of trees would actually be carbon negative as the high-quality pieces would lock up carbon in houses via chairs, tables, rafters amongst others. Today, firewood is not getting used as it was used in previous years when our grandmothers made use of those for preparing food on the wood burning stove. Today the main use of firewood still is for heating homes, all the while providing a charm and character to the homes. The Irish firewood market extends beyond heating homes, and even catering to the large demand from restaurants and pizzerias that use wood for cooking and heating (van der Kroon, Brouwer and van Beukering 2014). While the firewood companies that already exist on the market are practically established, Dublin Logs is seeking its own place in this booming market for the Irish grown timber. They also aim to replace the expensive imported wood that dominates the present market. As it is a new company, this report would be outlining the major issues that require being addressed while at the same time looking into the significant opportunities for Dublin Logs online business. Some of the major issues and challenges that require being solved are a lack of structured planning and a loss in personal contact with online orders. This report would be developing a strategic plan that would assist Dublin Logs in the long run in overcoming these weaknesses and achieving its long term aim Main Findings Understanding strategic management in different contexts Strategic management has encompassed different sets of considerations whose relative importance by experts have altered over time as different ideas have developed regarding the application of competitive discernment in the collective enterprise of value creation. Strategic management can't be envisioned as immaterial operational suppleness alone, nor as just an armchair conjecturing and strategic planning; both are basic parts of strategy, none of them is a satisfactory start of strategic management without the other. Strategic management is dynamic, including both substance and process, planning and movement (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). Also, the strategy can be creative and is every now and again the affirmation of both deliberate strategies specifying and, as the affiliation follows up on those plans, strategic responses to the unexpected. Strategic management incorporates considerations and necessities that begin both inside and outside the firm. Executives must not only be clear about both the affiliation's perceiving components and its various leveled targets, but likewise have the ability to marshal its resources and utilize its capacities to fulfill those objectives. An arrangement of outside forcescreative, money related, and forcefulwill in like manner impact the affiliation's strategy, including the extended overall reach of firms, the multinational appointment of work pools and supply chains, and the general interest and effect of accomplices of various sorts (Peteraf, Gamble and Thompson 2014). Likewise, nowadays, the speed and straightforward passage to information about corporate direct altogether feature the impact of such powers. In that limit, strategic management requires clear pondering the money related, mechanical, and societal condition in which the affiliation works and an exceptional idea of the activities and capacities of one's opponents. Strategic management is fundamentally an integrative exercise. The marketing, accounting, o perations, and human resources departments routinely apply specific perfect models to specific business issues and considerations, supportively setting aside versatile quality for a sharp focus on various disciplinary examinations. On the other hand, the strategy is tied in with bringing all the essential estimations of these requests back together. Basically, business managers don't customarily encounter challenges as isolated, atomistic issues with restricting disciplinary repercussions; rather, they investigate business issues through a whole extent of brain boggling, cross-disciplinary considerations. Strategic management is furthermore integrative, seeing that it enables regard creation for all accomplice get-togetherspecialists, laborers, customers, suppliers, and gatheringsand not just one particular accomplice (Hollensen 2015). Strategic management in small businesses has two objectives: increase the profits while staying small scale, or growing into a larger business. A small business owner has a lot of responsibilities and gets pulled in many directions. In such case, creating a strategic plan takes up a lot of time away from the business, let alone implementing it. The solution might work as the utilization of the elements of strategic planning in a long-term, everyday effort. Multinational companies consider their customers to be the life of their business. They aim to connect with their future customers through the provision of quality products. Production and quality control is handled by skilled employees so that high-quality materials are produced and up to date technology is used for quality control. In the service industry, there is a need of developing a clear strategy for the service to be offered. There is a need to develop a strategic plan and align the organizational objectives for acquiring the maximum business results (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2012). With the non-profit fragment having such a basic and omnipresent impact in the lives of such an extensive number of organizations, the ordinary non-profit affiliation must be strident in working in order to not be wasteful in view of its resources, keeping the ultimate objective to have the best and broadest constructive outcome in light of a legitimate concern for its accomplices, while working with complete straightforwardness and duty. For this, they take the help of strategic management. For a public division affiliation, it is basic to make fundamental frameworks to fulfill its goals appropriately. Regarding of relationship, there are distinctive things that are required to be examined (Peppard and Ward 2016). Strategic management in practice Making associations prepared to fight is the explanation behind strategic management. On account of that, putting strategic management plans into preparing is essentially the most basic piece of the planning itself, required by Dublin Logs to carry out. Plans eventually incorporate recognizing benchmarks, realigning resources budgetary and human and setting up leadership resources to control the creation, sale, and sending of things and services. Strategic management extends to inside and external correspondence sharpens and furthermore following to ensure that the association meets targets as portrayed in its strategic management plan. Strategic planning best practices are those master procedures, techniques, or strategies that have dependable fulfilled results superior to anything diverse means (Eden and Ackermann 2013). The possibility of strategic planning best practices, as with best practice in any field, moreover generally proposes that these master methodologies or systems are all around recognized, or even prescribed, as being correct or best by the gathering of specialists using them. Broader destinations drive strategic out-of-the-holder considering. While different affiliations use particular parameters, most of the best practice associations set concentrates on that required a move from just the same old thing new. Their planning shapes are progressing and versatile. A steady change objectivity deals with the planning-process layout. Correspondence of the strategic plan is a formal and basic segment of the system and it is viewed as a measure of significant worth planning. Planners underline action plans and strategic considering. Planners suspect that strategic instinct will happen essentially at the forte unit level The planners' capability between strategic planning and business planning is logically clouded. As the procedure length between strategic plans abridges, business planning is done inside the setting of a strong corporate vision or culture, paying little heed to the likelihood that a corporate strategy is not articulated. The piece of strategic planning as a key part of the management system is unequivocally seen through strong associated with various segments of the management system (e.g., strong human resources and progressive structures). Documentation of strategic accepting is pushed. A singular focus expertise or limit is not the driver of strategic planning. Or maybe, the explanation behind competitive advantage and new business change rely upon different aptitudes. Approaches to managing planning systems and planning structure diagrams move essentially. Regardless of the way that procedures vary, the arrangement of issue and option time, prioritization, review, and information continue having comprehensive significance (Smith 2013). Strategic analysis About Dublin Logs: Amid the frosty, wet and blustery Irish winter Dublin Logs promise one can remain warm and dry by using their Drive-through indoor service. Go inside, stop up, see their products or remain in their auto and they'll take one through them. They'll line the boots to keep it clean and as every one of their products is put away inside there is less wreckage. They'll provide food for singular needs to guarantee one leaves happy with their products and service. Their products are competitively valued and fundamentally marked down contrasted with forecourts. They can likewise give a conveyance service in the neighbourhood. Adaptable conveyance service, including nights. Above all please let them comprehend what they are searching for and if it's not accessible on the day they can source it (Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant | (2017). Vision and mission statement: Starting late, vision and mission statements have ended up being weakened in the business world to the point where they are fundamentally purposeless. Thusly, vision and mission have been by and large set apart with negative implications. Nevertheless, when utilised suitably, vision and mission statements could be fit gadgets, particularly for new and little firms. Along these lines, this empowers the firm to look for after happenings that lead the relationship onward and swear off dedicating assets to practices that don't. Vision statements and mission statements are through and through various. A vision statement for another or minimal firm spells out goals at a strange state and must concur with the creator's destinations for the business. Essentially, the vision must state what the creator, in the long run, envisions the business to be, the extent that advancement, values, labourers, duties regarding society, et cetera; thusly, self-reflection by the coordinator is a key activity is an imperative vision is to be delivered (Grant 2016). The mission statement ought to be a littler statement of business system and produced using the client's point of view and it should fit with the vision for the business. The mission should answer three solicitations: What do we do? By what means may we do it? For whom do we do it? What do we do? This ask for ought not to be replied as for what is physically passed on to clients, yet by the genuine and besides mental necessities that are satisfied when clients purchase your items or administrations. Clients settle on buy choices for a couple of reasons, including wise, vital, and enthusiastic segments. This is an essential refinement and observing this demand from the need-satisfied point of view will enable you to answer the other two demand successfully. By what method may we do it? This ask for gets the more specific portions of the business. Your answer ought to envelop the physical item or administration and how it is sold and passed on to clients, and it should fit with the need that the client satisfies with its buy. For the circumstance over, the business visionary had at first depicted her business as offering east African precious stones and was endeavouring to offer it on racks of boutique retail locations with little achievement. In the wake of adjusting the response to the fundamental request, she fathomed that she foreseen that would pass on the story to her clients adjacent the item. She started managing wine parties that solidified a slide show of east Africa, stories of individual encounters there, and pictures and depictions of the villagers who make the embellishments. This methodology for development has been to an incredible degree effective for her business (Darbi 2012). For whom do we do it? The reaction to this request is furthermore fundamental, as it would empower you to concentrate your marketing attempts. Regardless of the way that various business visionaries might need to acknowledge something unique, only one out of every odd individual is a possible customer, as customers would regularly have both measurement and geographic constraints. When starting, it is overall a keen idea to portray the measurement features (age, compensation, et cetera.) of consumers who are most likely going to buy and after that describe a geographic range in which your business can get a closeness. As you create, you can incorporate new customer social occasions and develop your geographic center intrigue. For Dublin Logs, the proper mission statement in the current situation would be to be the preferred option of supplier of wood and lumber for households. They require to be on the leading edge of the firewood industry and provide their customers with superior and cost effective services. Applying the highest standards of business integrity would help Dublin Logs provide their employees with a positive and quality work environment. External opportunities and threats: Opportunities A business uses qualities to get from opportunities. Dublin Log's opportunities started from associating its reasonability plans to creating enthusiasm for customers for: Greener products Low costs Lower water use and carbon footprint. Dublin Logs works towards these from numerous perspectives, for instance, by: Providing tips and contemplations for an achievable home life on its website Targeting for zero landfill misuse diminished wastewater treatment and less water use Cutting carbon footprint through less transport and packaging Displaying social commitment, for example, through its endeavors to help philanthropies (Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant | 2017). Threats can be supervised if the business thinks about them. Dublin Log has set up diverse convenient replies for changing a threat into an open entryway. These comprise: Social designs it gives tips and contemplations to customers and agents on diminishing their impact on nature Market qualities it improves usage of advancement and materials. This decreases costs and advantages the customer and the earth Economic factors low costs demand to Dublin Log's customers particularly in extreme budgetary conditions (Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant | 2017). Internal strengths and weaknesses: Strengths are parts of a business that upgrade its products or services. Dublin Log's strengths comprise: A strong overall brand A strong vision Strong thought Democratic plot' (the equal modify of limit, quality, plan, and cost). Dublin Log measures its strengths using Key Performance Indicators (KPI). KPIs aid it to set targets and see how it is attaining its vision (Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant | 2017). It also has strengths through its production shapes, for instance, in: Amplified usage of reasonable materials Smarter usage of rough materials Long-term associations with suppliers Economies of scale (Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant | 2017) Weaknesses: A business must know its weaknesses remembering the true objective to upgrade and regulate them. Dublin Log needs to consider: The size and size of its business. Dublin Log's overall activities may make it difficult to control benchmarks. The enthusiasm for ease products. The cost ought to be balanced against quality. The need to keep the public and Dublin Log accomplices all around taught about its normal activities (Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant | 2017). The activities and techniques of the affiliation utilize certain advantages. These advantages are called resources. These resources can be made inside the affiliation. They outline the internal resources. Such made resources are affiliation specific. Else they could be gotten remotely from the suppliers open in the benefit markets. They outline the external resources. The remotely obtained resources are affiliation addressable. Besides resources can be organized as specific or non-specific. Those resources which must be used for to an extraordinary degree specific objectives and are enormous to the relationship in expanding the estimation of products and endeavors are called specific resources. Non-specific resources are less specific and are less basic in including regard. Moreover, resources can be exhaustively named unmistakable and indistinct. The physical resources that an affiliation has been called unmistakable resources. The physical resources, human resources, and last resou rces go under this class. The academic resources, creative resources and the definitive reputation together shape the imperceptible resources. The licenses and copyrights of the affiliation are normal instances of academic resources. As far as possible and headway speed is instances of mechanical resources. Reputation is basically agreeable demeanor that the affiliation has gotten among the customers. It is an essential resource of an affiliation (Bolvar-Ramos, Garca-Morales and Garca-Snchez 2012). Competencies An affiliation should pack a couple of characteristics remembering the ultimate objective to have the capacity to match distinctive relationship in the market put. These characteristics outline the competencies of the affiliation. For any relationship to make due in an industry competencies are a must. Meanwhile, competencies can't be useful to an affiliation when they stay singular. It is the time when they merge together in the right mix that they empower the relationship to accomplish competitive to advantage. For instance, consider an information advancement affiliation. For this, to battle in the product business, it should strengthen the competencies to create tasks and design gadgets which must be consolidated to outfit it with the competitive advantage in the business (Zareei, Zamani and Tanaomi 2014). Specific Capabilities An affiliation's resources which are essential in giving it with competitive advantage are called specific capabilities. Right, when the capabilities begin from a quality which diverse firms don't have then they outline an affiliation's specific capabilities. Despite having a specific trademark it should moreover be supportable and appropriable. Right, when a specific limit can continue working over some indistinct time span it is said to be viable. Right, when the affiliation which holds an unmistakable limit can benefit basically from it then it twists up discernibly appropriable. An affiliation can decide the unmistakable capabilities fundamentally the definitive outline, affiliation reputation, and headway. The associations between the affiliation and the accomplices are fundamental in working up these three sections of the affiliation (Trainor 2012). Competitive advantage: Competitive advantage can be accomplished if the present strategy is regard making. Along these lines, with the true objective for something to be regard making suggests that the competitive advantage can't be imitated by existing contenders. The competitive advantage is the consequence of convincing and productive strategy, which is not a straightforward endeavor for a relationship in light of the way that in the time of fast changing condition contention is uncommonly strong. The strategic degree of every affiliation is to get the competitive advantage over contenders. In like manner, the wellspring of competitive advantage can't be imitated by rivals later on. Competitive advantage can be grabbed from the apportionment of impelling advancement, astounding service, ease production, or offering of novel products. Regardless, hyper-contention may wipe out this advantage and along these lines organized and steady attempts may end up being unable (Kirchmer 2012). Resourced-Based View: Resource-Based View (RBV) of a firm is a business management mechanical assembly used to choose the strategic resources open to an association. The significance and estimation of RBV depend upon strategic bosses. As a strategic management gadget, RBV depends upon how well the strategic chairmen will review the association's resources. The practical examination will provoke the gathering of the capable strategic plan. Productive and capable utilization of strategic resources will provoke competitive advantage of the association (Lin and Wu 2014). Governance and stakeholders Corporate social responsibility (hereinafter CSR) is the duties of specialists to look for after those game plans, to settle on those decisions, or to take after those lines of movement which are charming in regards to the goals and estimations of our overall population. The inspiration driving corporate governance has been to increase advantages to financial specialists, which was called speculator perspective. The thought associations have a promise to speculators, and in addition to constituent social affairs in general society field which goes past embraced law, and exhibit that a stake may go past insignificant proprietorship. Nowadays is CSR essential bit of the extensive association, especially those which practices are in the difference of what stakeholders need or if hurting nature. Associations take an interest in CSR in light of the way that they can get some kind of advantages from such an engagement. Stakeholders are considered to have three sections with respect to CSR: 1) they are the wellsprings of suspicions about what suggests alluring and undesirable association execution, portraying the measures for the corporate leaders. 2) They experience the effects of corporate leaders and 3) they evaluate the after effects of associations' works on in regards to how they have met wants and have affected the social affairs and relationship in their condition (Mason and Simmons 2014). Stakeholder examination perceives who the stakeholders are and what is their knowledge, premiums, positions et cetera and is genuinely useful when driven before changing or completing new approach or starting new pursuit et cetera. So overseers would then have the capacity to recognize and dodge potential blunders. The examination is moreover used to guide in an association to check whether is treating stakeholders in like way (Claessens and Yurtoglu 2013). There are unmistakable courses how to coordinate stakeholder examination. To do in that capacity these methods can be taken after: 1) Determine the goal of the examination. 2) Identify stakeholders. 3) Analyze the qualities. 4) Analyze the qualities. 5) Analyze the possible change of the qualities and characteristics. 6) Create the stakeholder map. 7) Apply the correct measures. 8) Analyze the impacts of the measures and alter it if important. Organizational culture and structure Past examinations have developed the association among strategy execution organizational level estimations and organizational execution. For case, the association among different systems and people in a relationship to guarantee the capable execution strategy is portrayed by the organizational structure. The structure seems to influence how strategy is executed and is buttressed by the assertion that a suitable strategy-structure course of action is a principal harbinger to the compelling implementation of new business systems. Segments identified with the organizational structure are seen as the second principal execution hindrance. A reasonable strategy-structure plan is a basic herald for a practical utilization of new business strategies. A competitive environmental move would propel a change in the organizational structure. For case, if firms disregard to readjust, they may face poor execution that would put them at a competitive disadvantage. A convincing strategic change is co nnected with a powerful strategy execution. As needs are, the kind of strategy grasped by the firm may permit particular conditions in perspective of the organizational structure (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). As to a social occasion, culture needs to do with people's association, cooperation among musings and practices. Culture drives strategy and it is an inside factor that the firm can govern. Two fundamental segments are underscored inside the description, specifically 1) the affiliation culture exhibits their strategic acquaintance and route with manage the execution of strategy and 2) culture is seen as a variable which is under the control of an affiliation and the affiliation can change its present culture in case it is not appealing. Changing the culture of an affiliation is neither straightforward nor speedy. Additionally, it may address a deterrent to convincing execution. Further, the direct and sentiment fear (culture of non-trust), which begins from it, are basic as the y can convey both positive and negative effects to the organizational culture and execution. Various affiliations attempt to make and get an arrangement of organizational execution estimation structures to screen and drive their difference in showed comes to fruition and pass on their vision, destinations, targets, measures, focuses and results to human resources and section in a level-headed frame (Hilman and Siam 2014). Methods of achieving sustainable competitive advantage for Dublin Logs Despite whether one is pitching money related authorities or impelling another product, accomplishment is more plausible in case they can make and pass on a sustainable competitive advantage. Being first to market isn't adequate, as some person more noteworthy with something better will follow along and forsake you in the clean. Besides, it doesn't have any kind of effect if there isn't a product in the market that is absolutely the same as yours. In case another association is disentangling a comparative torment you're tending to, for comparable customers they are competition (Kim et al. 2012). While making a sustainable competitive advantage is troublesome, the going with will help promise you progress past the field. Set up Brand Loyalty. Customers will often remain with a brand they have loyalty towards, in spite of the way that the association does not deal the slightest costly or best product. Focus on building a strong relationship with your clienteles and passing on an amazing customer experience and service. Patent Your Product. There has been a lot of practical talks starting late about the veritable estimation of a patent. While patents are not a 'cure all', they are a basic armament in an agent's competitive advantage arms store. Continually Innovate. Consumers like apprises and advancements. Keeping your product fresh and great with the market put (mainly if writing computer programs), is basic. Contract "Related" Team Members. In case your market incorporates generous associations and government divisions, relationship with key individuals inside these affiliations can radically animate your capability to meet and secure contracts. Endeavor to have no short of what one section on your gathering who is 'related'. Use Long Term Contracts and Incentives. This movement must be performed correctly, as it can invert release. If you can develop a whole deal contract with your customer, by then unmistakably they are less disposed to change to a contender. In case you simply offer long terms contracts, regardless, and your opponents are advancing short terms contracts, by then you are most likely going to lose business. Ideally, you have to support your customers to go into a whole deal contract with you, maybe by giving a slight reducing in cost or a reward. So also, customers will likely go into a long terms contract if they have as of late completed a powerful without further ado contract with you (Srivastava, Franklin and Martinette 2013). Recommendations This examination has separated various trademark factors that affect an association's competitive advantage. The talks focused on how key organizational levels can be more practical to develop, increment or bolster a firm's inside competencies. As a region of future research, it is recommended to make a dive each locale inspected in the paper remembering the true objective to get a more significant appreciation of the relative effect of these factors on a firm's ability to remain competitive in the more broadened term. In any case, do better than an average assortment of the present associations, i.e. globalization, multi-social associations, the pace of technology and new environmental/money related parts, it is fantastical that a qualitative model, paying little mind to how able, can be all around associated. Regardless, in a given industry, it is charming to develop the examination uncovered in this paper by refining the survey to test encourage in particular locales to give addit ionally understanding into the (i) exceedingly regarded qualities and strategies of a productive leadership gathering, (ii) accomplishment factors in an association's culture that give ability, innovation and imaginativeness, (ii) accomplishment factors for higher trust in customer associations, (iv) change techniques and usage of new technology and (v) human capital management segments to extraordinarily influence people inside a given industry. Conclusion It is fundamental that practically identical firewood firms get a agiler and customer driven approach to manage to recognize new markets and future products. To finish this requires firms require another level of specialist engagement, improved market sensibility and moreover an investment in the major infrastructure to secure a more significant level of basic trust with the firm's key customers. Firms should take a more drawn out term perspective in building resources and capacities that give the most amazing area deterrents to contenders. Once accomplished, these bigger measures of trust and differential technology can open up opportunities for keeping up a higher edge business subsequently securing a kept up competitive advantage. Reference List Bolvar-Ramos, M.T., Garca-Morales, V.J. and Garca-Snchez, E., 2012. Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,29(3), pp.331-357. Claessens, S. and Yurtoglu, B.B., 2013. Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey.Emerging markets review,15, pp.1-33. Darbi, W.P.K., 2012. Of mission and vision statements and their potential impact on employee behaviour and attitudes: The case of a public but profit-oriented tertiary institution.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(14). Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant |. (2017).Dublin Coal | Dublin Fuel Centre | Dublin Logs | Coal Merchant |. [online] Available at: https://www.dublinfuelcentre.com/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2017]. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hilman, H. and Siam, M., 2014. The influence of organizational structure and organization culture on the organizational performance of higher educational institutions: The moderating role of strategy communication.Asian social science,10(13), p.142. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kim, K.H., Jeon, B.J., Jung, H.S., Lu, W. and Jones, J., 2012. Effective employment brand equity through sustainable competitive advantage, marketing strategy, and corporate image.Journal of Business Research,65(11), pp.1612-1617. Kinash, D., Walmsley, J. and Hemery, G., 2013. The British domestic firewood supply chain.Quarterly Journal of Forestry,107(4), pp.303-308. Kirchmer, M., 2012.Business process oriented implementation of standard software: how to achieve competitive advantage efficiently and effectively. Springer Science Business Media. Lin, Y. and Wu, L.Y., 2014. Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in firm performance under the resource-based view framework.Journal of business research,67(3), pp.407-413. Mason, C. and Simmons, J., 2014. Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.77-86. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Peteraf, M., Gamble, J. and Thompson Jr, A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage. McGraw-Hill Education. Smith, R.D., 2013.Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge. Srivastava, M., Franklin, A. and Martinette, L., 2013. Building a sustainable competitive advantage.Journal of technology management innovation,8(2), pp.47-60. Trainor, K.J., 2012. Relating social media technologies to performance: A capabilities-based perspective.Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management,32(3), pp.317-331. van der Kroon, B., Brouwer, R. and van Beukering, P.J., 2014. The impact of the household decision environment on fuel choice behavior.Energy Economics,44, pp.236-247. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. Zareei, E., Zamani, A. and Tanaomi, M., 2014. A conceptual model of human resources competencies (HRC) using structural equation modelling: a case study.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research,8(1), pp.1-19.

Technique Essays - Spyware, Malware, Computer Viruses, Computer Worm

A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer. The term "virus" is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. As stated above, the term "computer virus" is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware, even those that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other computers through networks, while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but hides malicious functions. Worms and Trojan horses,

Waiters and Wheels Essay Example

Waiters and Wheels Essay Example Waiters and Wheels Essay Waiters and Wheels Essay BANGALORE MANAGEMENT ACADEMY .Assignment On WAITER ON WHEELS Submitted by: Ivneet Singh(081301221 ) Table of Contents Sr. No| Topic| Pg. No| 1. | Abstract | 3| 2. | Introduction| 4| 3. | Analysis of current system| 4| 4. | Solutions for problems| 5| 5. | Feasibility study| 5| 6. | Feasibility report| 6| 7. | Operational feasibility PIECES Framework| 7| 8. | Schedule Feasibility | 8| 9. | Economic Feasibility| 9| 10. | Stages of SSADM| 10| 11. | Detail business specification| 11| 12. | Flowchart| 12| 13. | Context Level Diagram| 13| 14. | Data Flow Diagram| 14| 15. ER-Diagram| 16| 16. | Physical Design | 17| 17. | Individual reports| 24| Abstract The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system. The project includes the standard methodology to develop the system and documenting of project as well. The methodology selected by our team is SSADM which stands for structured system analysis and design. The selected methodology has been clearly justified and compared to other related methodology. All the mandatory requirement and specification for creating the system design are explained briefly. Physical and logical designs are mapped accurately having clear and detailed documentation of designing phase. To complete this project in effective way . had contributed their best so that all criteria can be covered efficiently. Anyone can understand easily as there is a good command on language through the whole documentation of project. Introduction They were two students Sue Tom Bickford studying in college who also worked as part time job in a restaurant and always dreamt to open their own restaurant. Their initial investment was always out of reach so they noticed many restaurants that offer home delivery service . They got an idea of opening their own restaurant without high investment . This idea came to their mind after meeting many people who wanted home delivery service with their complete food selection. By this, they opened a restaurant â€Å"Waiter on Wheels† in 1997. This restaurant provides food delivery to the customers by gathering the meals form different restaurants and providing under one roof. Customers liked this service very much and their business waiter on wheels was increasing day by day. As there was increase in the number of customers and their orders they started facing some problems to run their business effectively. Analysis of current system Now we are going to analyze the current system of waiter on wheels. Customer calls waiter on wheels to place the order, waiter on wheels will then inform to related restaurants and to driver to take the delivery form the restaurant and place it to the desired customer address. The driver picks the order form restaurants and delivers to the customer and comes back to waiter on wheels. Problems faced in existing system * Limited user involvement Inadequate resources requirement * Business requirement have changed between commencement and deliverance * Absence of CASE support for analysis and design * Low level of involvement of users was due to lack on ownership and assurance of the system * Inadequate techniques * Inadequate designing and tools * No updating of database management system Solutions for the existing problems: The only solution for the problem is to adapt the computerized customer support system to support their business operations which will help them with the accurate and faster calculations to produce * End of day deposit slip Weekly report of restaurants * Sales report as per their desire i. e. weekly or monthly * Able to record orders effectively and informing end user efficiently * Inform drivers and restaurants at a click of button. * Increase delivery performance by flow of data in an efficient way Feasibility study Feasibility is defined as the viability of project feasibility does not solve any problem but it gives a scope of solving a problem. The aim of our feasibility report is to find out the problem of the current system in waiters on wheels and meet the end users requirements. Realism of project To decide whether the aims stated in the project are realistic within the given constraints. Scope of improvements In current system there are lots of problem with recording order, producing day and weekly sales report which leads to inconsistency in delivering the meals ordered on time and running the restaurant. We are developing a system which will help sorting out such problems effectively and efficiently. Specialist assistance We are developing a user friendly system so that no specialization is equired to operate the system, even a person with little bit knowledge in computers will be able to operate it. Principle work area To determine whether the principle work areas relating to the aims stated in the project permit planning of full investigation including the project teams departments and application involved. Feasibility report Our feasibility report consists of: * Technical feasibility * Operational feasibility * Schedule feasibility * Economic feasibili ty Technical Feasibility: Technical feasibility address three major issues * Is the proposed system technology is practical Does the organization currently possess the necessary technology * Does the organization possess the necessary technical expertise * And if the technology is not present then is it affordable by the organization Generally, the technology for the any defined solution is available. The question which should be considered is whether that technology is mature enough to be easily applied to the problem. Some firms like to use latest technology, but most of the firms prefer a mature and proven technology . A mature technology has a larger customer base for obtaining advice concerning problems and improvements. Assuming that the solution’s technology is practical, the next step is to determine whether it is available in the organization has the capacity to use it? If the answer to nay of the above questions is no, then the possibility of getting it from outside should be considered. If it is available outside, but is too costly for the organization to purchase it, then the alternative that requires the technology is not practical and is technically infeasible. Operational feasibility: In operational feasibility study measures the urgency of the problem or the acceptability of a solution . There are two aspects of operational feasibility which should be considered. * Is the problem worth solving, or will the solution to the problem work? * What do the end users, and the management feels about the problem? This feasibility was carried to get the answer to the question whether the system will be used and implemented if developed. Would there be any resistance from its users. PIECES FRAMEWORK * Performance: Receiving customer order till delivering Order. Information: How the information is passed from WOW – Driver Restaurants * Economy: It is cost beneficial * Control: Installing password, firewall and antivirus , so that there is no unauthorized access * Efficiency: System is time efficient and effective, providing the information on single click * Services: System will provide desirable and reliable service to customer and end users Schedule Feasibility: Schedule feasibility is an analyzing the time for a project to be completed. The schedule feasibility consists of: Work Load Matrix Tasks| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Identifying the existing system| * | | | | Analysis of current system| * | * | | | Problems in existing system| | * | | * | Feasibility report| | * | * | | Work load matrix| * | | | | Gantt chart| | | | * | Operational feasibility| | | * | | Selection of methodology| * | * | * | * | Justification | | | * | | Investigation techniques| | | | * | Logical design| * | | * | | Physical design| | * | | * | Conclusion | * | | | | Economic feasibility The economic feasibility underlies the whole system development effort. We assume the Economic feasibility to analyze the cost of the project in order to know whether it is worth spending to develop the system. The system that we are going to design is flexible and less expensive which will provide immediate access to records that are only periodically updated. Cost – benefit analysis This to analyze, The cost to develop the system Which includes man power costs, and the technology used to build the system etc. The business cost If the system is developed then what will be its maintenance costs? Selecting the methodology In this we have to select the methodology for our project i. e. Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) Reasons for selecting this methodology It provides measurable, reviewable and definable product specification. At the end, the process draws on more system personnel resources as well as user involvement. It increases involvement and communication between system and users. It also allows allocation of simpler tasks to junior personnel which mean each and every . member is equally distributed among tasks. A great impact of this methodology is that the total time and cost are greatly reduced, if system developed by this methodology is implemented in the organization. Stages that should be followed SSADM * Analysis of the current system * Detailed business specification * Logical data design * Logical process design * Physical design. Detailed business specification Customer calls waiter on wheels to place the order, Waiter on wheels then informs to the related restaurants for the order. Waiter on wheels then checks the availability of the driver and informs driver to pick the order from the restaurants then restaurants will give the order to the driver The driver will take the order and deliver it to customer, after delivering the order driver will come back and give the bill to waiter on wheels. Now waiter on wheels keeps the record of each and every restaurant, what are the orders taken from them and on which date and time. Weekly or monthly waiter on wheels will pay the bill payment as per the wholesale price or the deal what they have done. Flowchart A flowchart is a formal graphic demonstration of a logic sequence, work or built-up process, organization chart, or similar formalized structure. Flowcharts are used for designing and managing a program. It is represented by various symbols to show the flow of data in a logical manner, each and every symbol has different meaning. Payment To driver Customer Driver STOP Restaurant Detail of order Detail of customer Waiter On wheels Customer Oder START Flowchart Context level diagram:   A context Diagram shows the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system, and the relevant information flows between the external entities and the system. It helps to: * Define the scope of a project, * Project benefits and risk factors. Orders Informs the restaurant Send delivery driver Supply food Send Bill Pay the Bill Cancel order Payment Restaurants Waiter On Wheels Customer Data flow diagram Data flow diagram (DFD) is a picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system. It shows relationship between following business processes: External systems, External organizations, Customers Other business processes. Data flow diagrams are used to describe how the system transforms information. It defines how the information is processed and stored and its flow throughout the process. 0 levelAvailability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details 1 level Restaurant Details Customer Details Restaurant Data Customer Data Availability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details ER-Diagram: is just the entity relationship diagram which shows the different entity’s and the attributes connected to it, it gives a brief description of the flow of logic of the system. ER- Diagram Reporting time Owners ID Owners Name Bank Delivery Charge Service Charge Sales Tax Whole Sale Price Pay Invoice Whole Sale Price No. of Items Menus Restaurants Picking Delivery Contains Available Unavailable Address Driver ID Name Contact No. Closing time Driver Informs No. of Items Related Restaurants Name Order Places/Cancels Customer Name Address Contact Details Customer ID Physical Design Physical Design: Physical design takes this logical design blueprint and produces the program specifications, physical file or database definition and user interface for a selected target hardware and software. These programs and files will fulfill the logical design requirements but may be subject to some constraints and compromises. Design objectives The system is designed based on the objectives set for the new information system in the strategic plan. Organizational objectives such as: * Increasing the business profit * Securing a larger market share * Improving customer service There are three main objectives which the designer has to bear in mind while evolving and evaluating design * Performance, how fast the design is secure against human error, machine hardware resources * Control, the extent to which the design is secure against human errors, machine malfunction, or deliberate mischief. Changeability, the ease with which the design allows the system to be changes to, for example meeting the user’s needs to have different transactions types processed. Individual Reports . Ivneet Singh (. leader and system analyst) Ivneet Singh (Logical Designer) Ivneet Singh (Physical Designer) Ivneet singh (Assistant Physical Designer) Ivneet Singh Registration no: 081301212 Role: . leader and System Analyst Abstr act I have played the role of system analyst, logical designer, and . leader and had contributed where ever the . was facing problem by conducting . eetings. The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system. The selected methodology SSADM has been clearly justified and compared to other related methodology. Logical designs are mapped accurately having clear and detailed documentation of designing phase with physical design by the physical designer of the group. To complete this project in effective way . had contributed their best so that all criteria can be covered efficiently. Introduction They were two students Sue Tom Bickford studying in college who also worked as part time job in a restaurant and always dreamt to open their own restaurant. Their initial investment was always out of reach so they noticed many restaurants that offer home delivery service . They got an idea of opening their own restaurant without high investment . This idea came to their mind after meeting many people who wanted home delivery service with their complete food selection. By this, they opened a restaurant â€Å"Waiter on Wheels† in 1997. This restaurant provides food delivery to the customers by gathering the meals form different restaurants and providing under one roof. Customers liked this service very much and their business waiter on wheels was increasing day by day. As there was increase in the number of customers and their orders they started facing some problems to run their business effectively. So they decided to have a computerized system to manage all the difficulties in their business. For the same they hired a consultancy. We are working on the same and have clearly documented in the project. How to overcome the existing problem? By making use of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is any logical process used by a systems analyst to develop an information system, including requirements, validation, training, and user ownership. Any SDLC should result in a high quality system that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within time and cost estimates, works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Information Technology infrastructure, and is inexpensive to maintain and cost-effective to enhance Intelligence Problem identification Feasibility study Analysis Logical design Design Implementation Physical design Implementation Maintenance System analyst In an organization or for a project system analyst is required to carry the project effectively in a well planned manner. System analyst must possess some necessary skills as System thinking: Must be aware of inter-related object or elements of the system. Once we have identified system, must be able to understand the principles and concepts about system to guide the design of information system and can easily co-relate with the environment. Organizational knowledge: Must understand working procedures and function of the organization. Problem identification: Must be able to understand the current situation of the organization or project concerned. Problem analyzing and solving: Once the problem has been identified, then analyze the problem how to solve it with the proven methods and documents. For analyzing and solving problems some approaches need to be followed as: intelligence, design, choice and implementation. Technical skills: Must know to develop computer-based information system, further be practical to adept with different notations for representing or modeling the various aspects of information systems. Management skills: As a system analyst must be able to manage work and use the resources of organization in efficient and effective way. System analyst is almost the member of project team and is frequently asked to lead the team. In spite of working in a technical field system analyst must possess interpersonal skills such as communicational skills (interviewing, listening and questionnaires). Analysis of current system For this project Waiter on Wheels current existing system has been analyzed in an effective way as: * Customer calls waiter on wheels to place the order, then waiter on wheels informs to related restaurants they have contract with * Then send the driver to take the delivery form the restaurant and place it to the customer address * The driver picks the order form restaurants and delivers to the customer and comes back to waiter on wheels * Driver took the payment including retail price and service charge from the customer and reports to waiter on wheels office. Problem identification The major problem with waiter on wheel was they were not able to manage the extending business as they keeps record manually. * Not able to manage database of customers * Not able to get the delivery on time specified by the customer as they were having only one delivery driver Solution for the problem To have a computerized system so that it can keep the records and saves time and human energy as well. This will also help to get the customer details such as address, contact number, etc†¦; if the customer calls next time to place an order. Selecting the methodology In this we have selected the methodology for our project i. . Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) After having meetings with the team the methodology was selected with the clear justification to other related methodologies. Reasons for selecting this methodology * It includes portioning a large system into a manageable smaller ones and organizing the details into an understandable by utilizing a top of structured methodology An integral part of this methodology is the modular concept. Under which frame work can be separated in a detailed management information system. For example the finance system of an organization can be divided into minor and basic modules. Finance Source Of fund Cash Management Capital budgeting Accounts payable management Cash disbursement management Accounts receivable management Cash receipt management Sales discounts management Other receivable management Trade receivable management Other income anagement Customers management Drafts management Checks management Purchase discounts management Capital expenses management Taxes management Payroll management Other payable management This is a top-down approach of a finance department from which anything can be seen regarding finance and employee can be called easily by the management. Logical design A logical design is conceptual and abstract. The process of logical design involves arranging data into a series of logical relationships called entities and attributes * An entity represents a chunk of information. In relational databases, an entity often maps to a table. An attribute is a component of an entity that helps define the uniqueness of the entity. In relational databases, an attribute maps to a column. I have contributed to make context level and 1-level data flow diagram; Context level diagram: A context level diagram shows the system boundary, external entities that interact with the system, and relevant information flows between the external entities and the system. It helps to * Define the scope of the project * Benefits and risk factors of the project Orders Waiter On Wheels Informs the restaurant Cancel order Restaurants Send delivery driver Customer Supply food Pay the Bill Send Bill Data flow diagram: Data flow diagram (DFD) is a picture of the movement of data between external entities and processes and to store within a system. It shows relationship between following business process * External system * External organization * Customers * Other business processes 1-level data flow diagram Restaurant Details Customer Details Restaurant Data Customer Data Availability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details Work load matrix Tasks| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Ivneet| Identifying the existing system| * | | | | Analysis of current system| * | * | | | Problems in existing system| | * | | * | Feasibility report| | * | * | | Work load matrix| * | | | | Gantt chart| | | | * | Operational feasibility| | | * | | Selection of methodology| * | * | * | * | Justification | | | * | | Investigation techniques| | | | * | Logical design| * | | * | | Physical design| | * | | * | Conclusion | * | | | | Conclusion While doing this project I have reached to conclusion that SDLC is one of the best methods to carry a project in order to save time and to learn the project management. Among this one of the most important phase feasibility study taught us to do researches on various Technical and operational issues that are required for almost all project. The methodology that we have choose for developing the system required by waiter on wheel is also an one of best among other related methodologies. Which teaches different techniques for developing an information system? References Modern System Analysis and Design second edition Jeffrey A. offer University of Dayton Joey F. George Louisiana State University Joseph S. Valacich Washington State University google. co. in/search? hl=enq=+define+system+development+life+cyclemeta=aq=foq= Ivneet Singh Registration no: 081301224 Role: Logical Designer Abstract I have played the role of logical designer, and had contributed mainly in logical designing an d operational feasibility as well. The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system. The selected methodology SSADM has been clearly justified and compared to other related methodology. Logical designs are mapped accurately with physical design by the physical designer of the group. Operational feasibility: Operational feasibility is dependent on human resources available for the project and involves projecting whether the system will operate and be used once it is installed. In our project we have analyzed that the contents of operational feasibility in this project are:- * Implementation * Processing * People oriented * Government agencies Implementation: Implementation consists of three parts: Taking order- in this process we are designing our system that will be able to receive orders from customers it is going to work like this when a customer calls on phone or orders online the system is going to record the call by the name and address and the order specified, when the order is recorded by name and address the system is going to make beep sound which will alert the operator and he will be able to hear the voice call directly on the desktop. Order delivery: in this process the system is concerned about how the order is going to be delivered this comes under processing which I will explain further. Reporting back to office: in this process the system will keep a record of the drivers who are reporting back in office after delivery. The next step of operational feasibility is processing:- processing contains following contents:- 1. Receiving the call from customer: which I have already explained that the system will be able to record the call from customer according to their name, address and specifically the order. 2. Informing the driver: In this process we have given the facility that ystem will be able to inform driver according to the given database , we will store the names of driver in accordance with their areas our system will be able to check the availability of driver by following methods when a driver calls to the office and says that he is available the system will immediately record his message and the time of call so it will be easy or the operator to check the availability of driver and when he clicks the option call in front of the names of driver then the syste m will immediately call the driver and the operator will be able to inform him or leave him a message. And as the driver conforms that he is ready to pick the order the system will be able to store his out time on the request of operator clicking on the button out time. 3. Informing the restaurant: The next main step after informing the driver is to inform the restaurant so we have done the following we will give the data base of all the contacted restaurants in the system so the operator will be able to inform the restaurants according to the requirements and the order specified just on a click. 4. Picking the order: Next is all manual process in case the customer wants to change his order then we have decided a time limit for changing the order it is 15 minutes after the original order if the customer calls in between fifteen minutes of his first order then our system will be able to recognize the customers voice and in case voice does recognition does not work system will recognize according to name and address of the customer and it will be able to eradicate the first order and will beep with a voice message that the order of this customer has been changed 5. Delivery: It is a manual process which will be carried by drivers. 6. Collecting money from the customer 7. Reporting back to office: In this process when the driver reports back to the office then the operator will click on his name and on the button in time then the system will immediately notify his time and store it. 8. Calculation of number of orders per day: This will be calculated by the number of orders delivered which is done when the driver enters his in and out time which means that the order has been delivered the system will calculate the number of orders delivered . . Sending statements and paying the money to the restaurants by checks: This is done by the accountant when he checks that how many orders are delivered from which restaurants which will be stored in the system. People oriented: this consists of the following- 1. Receptionist will be the operator of the system she will take orders from the customers and inform drivers and the restaurants. 2. Drivers the peop le who will deliver the orders 3. Restaurants manager 4. Waiters on wheels manager . Customers 6. Accountant will keep track of the accounts Government agencies: government agencies include tax and service charge. Operational feasibility seen through PIECES framework: The PIECES frame work helps identify operational problems to be solved and their urgency. PIECES stand for: * Performance: Receiving customer order till delivering Order. * Information: How the information is passed from WOW – Driver Restaurants * Economy: It is cost beneficial Control: Installing password, firewall and antivirus , so that there is no unauthorized access * Efficiency: System is time efficient and effective, providing the information on single click * Services: System will provide desirable and reliable service to customer and end users Economic feasibility: The economic feasibility underlies the whole system development effort. We assume the Economic feasibility to analyze the cost of the proje ct in order to know whether it is worth spending to develop the system. The system that we are going to design is flexible and less expensive which will provide immediate access to records that are only periodically updated. Cost – benefit analysis This to analyze, The cost to develop the system Which includes man power costs, and the technology used to build the system etc. The business cost If the system is developed then what will be its maintenance costs? Economic feasibility as per system perspective: our system is economically beneficial because it will save time and money by storing and transforming the data in an effective and efficient way. End user will be able to inform restaurants and driver for the delivery directly by sending message he will also be able to check out the availability of drivers, so he can save the cost of telephone charges the system will be able to produce end of the day slip in which it will show total sales and profit done by sales both weekly and daily, by this manager of WOW need not to keep an accountant, this will save money. Selection of methodology: we have selected structured system analysis and design methodology. Structured analysis is one of the most popular methodologies that are being used to define system specification. Because of problems faced in traditional system development life cycle approach structured advancement have come up whose purpose is to provide more closely controlled more industrious development surroundings. These include structured analysis and design methodology along with structured programming. A structured approach to the analysis and design of systems differs from the traditional SDLC approach where it calls for the systems analyst to look beyond a physical view of the current system. The result of SDLC is generally inflexible and unmaintainable system. This methodology uses logical process design. The structured system development cycle consists of: * Structured methodology * Structured tools ,and * Structured process Structured methodology: the structured methodology of systems analysis, analysis, design, and implementation centers on building a logical model of the system in order to provide systems analysts, programmers and users a common picture of the system and its interrelationships. Structured process: it provides clear understanding of the system to system analysts. It consists of the following: * Objective: organization, scope, and schedule of new system. * Output requirements approved by users. * Database and data dictionary. * Inputs need to produce outputs * Processing via methods, procedures, data communications to tie output to inputs as described by a leveled set of data flow diagrams * Internal control to satisfy control and security requirements other considerations as deemed appropriate, such as new policies consistent with objective. ER diagram: In ER diagrams representation of data is done graphically by connecting entities and their relationships. There are three types of relationships between entities * One to one * One to many * Many to one Reporting time Owners ID Owners Name Bank Delivery Charge Service Charge Sales Tax Whole Sale Price Pay Invoice Whole Sale Price No. of Items Menus Restaurants Picking Delivery Contains Available Unavailable Address Driver ID Name Contact No. Closing time Driver Informs No. of Items Related Restaurants Name Order Places/Cancels Customer Name Address Contact Details Customer ID In ER diagrams attributes I gave for customer are name, customer id, address, contact details. I used this customer ID in customer form next one is address I used this in customer form to record the address of costumer, next is contact details and name to record the details of costumer. Next is the attributes for order that is number of items and related restaurants these attributes I used in invoice details form Next one is the attributes of driver that is name, driver ID, address, contact no. , reporting time this one is mentioned in driver details in physical design . this will record driver details in the form. Now we come to invoice details there is whole sale price, sales tax, service charge, and delivery charge. These attributes are used in the invoice form to record the invoice details. Next entity is restaurants which have the following attributes menus, wholesale price and number of items this is used in transaction per day. And the last one is bank which have owners name and owners ID this we used in weekly sales report. Data flow diagram 1 level Restaurant Details Customer Details Restaurant Data Customer Data Availability of driver Order placed Deliver Meal Restaurant Order Details Driver Waiter On Wheel Customer Sending order details Collecting meal Call for driver Invoice Order processing Informing restaurant Payment Accounts data Invoice Accounts Accounts Invoice details References: System Analysis and Design, VK Jain, fourth edition Ivneet Singh Registration no: 08130 Role: Physical Designer Abstract I have played the role of Physical designer and had contributed mainly in physical designing of the project based on the logical design. Physical design is clearly mapped to the logic given by logical designer. The main objective of the project is to identify the different framework of activities associated with methodologies and describe how the techniques are used together to develop a system using SSADM. Introduction Tom Bickford and Sue were two students in the college they always wanted to open their own restaurant which should provide meal delivery service to the customers. They started the restaurant â€Å"Waiter on Wheels† with very low initial investment in 1997 . When customer calls waiter on wheels and places the order, then waiter on wheels will inform the related restaurant for the order and send the driver to pick up the order from the restaurant and deliver it to customer. There business was increasing day by day as customer liked their food delivery services. Now as there was increase in number of customer’s waiter on wheels started facing some problems to run their business. System Development Life Cycle Structures of SSADM 1. Feasibility Study – in this we decide which and what are the methods or techniques that we can adopt , what will be the cost of the project and how much time will project take to accomplish 2. Requirements Analysis – in this we analysis the requirements for our system, do we have enough technology or resources to fulfill the client requirements. 3. Requirements Specification detailed functional and non-functional requirements are identified and new techniques are introduced to define the required processing and data structures. 4. Logical System Specification – for each and every project we need to have a logical design so that we can get entire idea for the project and it will help in the implementation. 5. Physical Design a physical database design and a set of program specifications are created using the logical system specification Problem Identification Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance Problems faced in existing system * Limited user involvement: There were very few people involved in running this meal delivery system. They were having only one driver for the night shift, contract with only two restaurants in that area. According to increasing demand of customers, they need to get more drivers and contract with more restaurants in order to deliver the variety of food on time. * Inadequate resources requirement: As initial investment in opening restaurant was quiet less, they were not having adequate resources like delivery vehicles, mobile phones as waiter on wheels was meal delivery service. They need to get more delivery motorcycles and mobile phones so that they might contact with the driver on the way if there is any change in order or driver has to pick the order form some other restaurant. * Business requirement have changed between commencement and deliverance: As waiter on wheels was a meal delivery service which provides food from different related restaurants and deliver it to customer at one place. As this delivery business started by only contract with two restaurants and few customer. Customers were increasing day by day there was change in business functions which lead to problems like they were not able to deliver orders on time, not able to get in touch with the customer, delivering wrong order. Then they realized to input computerized customer support system. * Absence of CASE support for analysis and design: Tom and Sue started waiter on wheels without analyzing the current business situation and future planning . They didn’t do any feasibility study before starting this meal delivery system which later on started causing them problems. Low level of involvement of users was due to lack on ownership and assurance of the system: As there was low level of involvement in the entire delivery system, there were few people involved in this business. Their business was running smooth with limited number of customers and restaurants. But when the customer demand increased they were not able to manage the business effectively. * Inadequate tools and techniques: For each and every business some tools and techniques are required to run it in effective way . But in waiter on wheels they didn’t use any techniques to run the business that was the reason why they were not able to manage their business properly. When all things started messing up, then they realized to input some technique in order to manage their business and implemented computerized customer support system which will help them in managing the details of orders, customers and sales report etc†¦ * Inadequate designing: As waiter on wheels was a restaurant they need to have a menu and forms for the customers, so that customer can place the order easily. But they were having nothing like that when customer calls to place the order they just tell the lists of items on the phone and receive the order. But as per the customer needs they start designing the forms, bills, menu cards for the ease of customer. * No updating of database management system: They do not keep track of the sales report, drivers, customers, order. Selecting the methodology In this we have to select the methodology for our project i. e. Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. SSADM stands for Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method. It was developed for the stages of system analysis and design of system development. This method is most established and widely adopted. SSADM uses a mixture of text and diagrams in system development life cycle, from the starting of the project till physical design SSADM is waterfall-based methodology. It flows like the waterfall starts from initial stage and then moves forward step by step till reaches the goal state , if there are any changes to be made it will again start from the first and then carry on with the entire task . We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) because this methodology is very helpful to systems analyst. It makes sure that they are not floundering in deep of complexity but can beneficially work on a system . This methodology often results in method for each project; it provides a firm basis for project controlling and scheduling. The project can be broken in several steps of the methodology and a variety of individuals and teams can set different steps to perform their task. This makes it easier for the project manager to estimate the duration and cost of the project. Gantt chart: Techniques used by SSADM SSADM uses a combination of three techniques: * Logical Data Modeling * Data Flow Modeling * Entity Behavior Modeling Investigation techniques The investigation techniques are * Questionnaires * Interview * Survey * Studying Documentation * Observation For our project I followed two investigation techniques from the among above listed i. e. * Interview * Studying Documentation Interview: As the project is concerned with the restaurant which provides service as home delivery I went to some restaurants providing the same service as waiter on wheels and I conducted short interview with manager of Dominos Restaurant to know what are the procedures tools and techniques followed by them in order to run their restaurant effectively. This information was very helpful throughout the project and also gave us idea about the meal delivery systems. After the interview in Dominos I went to other restaurants to know about their current delivery system followed by them. As I concluded form this that almost all the restaurants adopt same procedure and techniques for the meal delivery system. Studying Documentation: In order to find some different delivery system I referred to many journals, magazines, newspapers and internet, but there also I found almost the same system used by the restaurants. * Articles on restaurant delivering system ezinearticles. com/? id=1412254 * Magazine of Waiter on Wheels wowrestaurantmarketing. com/publications. shtml * How to start restaurant delivering system www. startupbizhub. om/how-to-start-a-restaurant-delivery-service. htm Physical Design: Physical design takes this logical design blueprint and produces the program specifications, physical file or database definition and user interface for a selected target hardware and software. These programs and files will fulfill the logical design requirements but may be subject to some constraints and compromises. Design objectives The system is designed based on the objec tives set for the new information system in the strategic plan. Organizational objectives such as: * Increasing the business profit Securing a larger market share * Improving customer service There are three main objectives which the designer has to bear in mind while evolving and evaluating design * Performance, how fast the design is secure against human error, machine hardware resources * Control, the extent to which the design is secure against human errors, machine malfunction, or deliberate mischief. * Changeability, the ease with which the design allows the system to be changes to, for example meeting the user’s needs to have different transactions types processed. Logical to physical design Files or database: Based upon the entity-relationship model and supported by the entity life history and the data dictionary * Processes and programs: Based upon the processes of the data flow diagram and supported by the entity life history and data dictionary * Input and output: Based upon the flow of the data flow diagram and supported by the data dictionary * Interfaces : Underpinned by understanding of requirements and skills level explored within the context of the data flow diagram * Controls: Supported by the data flow diagram On the basis of logical designing i. e. ER-diagram and data flow diagram I have designed the forms that are required by our develop system to keep the records of customers, drivers, orders, sales report and weekly reports for the convenience of waiter on wheel employees. Customer Information Form This is customer information form which will store customer details such as: * Customer ID * Customer Name * Customer Address Driver Information Form This is driver information form which will store driver details such as: * Driver ID * Driver Name * Contact No: * Reporting Time: * Delivery Time: * Closing Shift Time: Invoice Bill Form This form will print the amount of bill to be paid by the customer, this form consists of: * Date / Time : * Customer Name : * Customer Address : * Customer Phone Number : * Order Details : * Total Amount to be paid : This form will store and print the sales report at the end of day, this form consists of: * Order Details : * Total Number of Orders in a day: * Total Sale of day: Transaction per Day Report This form will store and print weekly sales report at the end of week, this form consists of: * Order Details : * Payment Details: * Restaurant Name: * Bill to be paid: * Status: * Cheque No: Weekly Report Conclusion While doing this project I have concluded that system development life cycle (SDLC) is one of the best ways to carry a project which also helps me in learning the skills of project management. Among this there are seven phrases followed by a project manager or an organization to develop the information system. One of the phases is designing under which logical and physical design are mentioned. In physical designing I came to know how attributes and entities are related to each other and finally to real life. References: * Analysis and Design of Information System, Second Edition (V. RAJARAMAN) System Analysis and Design Implementation (S. K Jha) * nos. org/htm/sad1. htm Ivneet singh Registration no. 081301217 Role: Assistant Physical Designer Abstract I have played the role of Assistant Physical designer and had contributed in feasibility report for the project. As feasibility is an important phase while working on project through SSADM. Analysis of the current system Th e system on which we are working is a system on waiter on a wheel. Our system processes in the following manners: First, the customer call waiter on the wheel to place the order, herby waiter on wheel intimates the restaurant and to the driver. The driver is responsible for the delivery. He takes up the order from the restaurant and delivers to the customer address and takes the payment and hand over the bill to the customers and after that he gets back to his waiter on wheels Problems in existing current system Since they are running the business on waiter on a wheel and have a tie up with other restaurant so it is obvious that they will come up with many type of problem. No doubt they will have benefit but at some point of time they will face some problems. The problems that they will face are as follows: 1. Inadequate resources and requirement 2. Inadequate techniques 3. Inadequate designing and tools 4. Absence of CASE support for analysis and design 5. Updating of database management system 6. Low level of involvement of users was due to lack on ownership and assurance of the system. 7. Business requirement have changed between commencement and deliverance. Since there were many problems they might face so to sort out the above mentioned problems there must be a proper solution. So we come up with the following solutions: 1. End of day deposit slips 2. Weekly rep[ort of restaurant 3. Sales report as per their device 4. Able to record order effectively and informing the user effectively 5. Inform drivers and restaurant at the click button Feasibility report Before I lay down the reports for the feasibility, we must be aware of the term feasibility. Feasibility is defined as the viability of project feasibility does not solve any problem but it gives a scope of solving problem. The aim of feasibility report is to find out the problem of the current system and meet the end user requirement. Our feasibility reports consist of the following: 1. Technical feasibility . Operational feasibility 3. Schedule feasibility 4. Economics feasibility Out here I will be reporting on technical feasibility. In this feasibility there are problems or issues which have to be looked at. The issues are as follows: * Is the proposed system technology is practical * Does the organization currently possess the necessary technology * Does the organization possess the necessary technical exp ertise * And if the technology is not present then is it affordable by the organization. Generally, the technology for the any defined solution is available. The question which should be considered is whether that technology is mature enough to be easily applied to the problem. Some firms like to use latest technology, but most of the firms prefer a mature and proven technology . A mature technology has a larger customer base for obtaining advice concerning problems and improvements. Assuming that the solution’s technology is practical, the next step is to determine whether it is available in the organization has the capacity to use it? If the answer to nay of the above questions is no, then the possibility of getting it from outside should be considered. If it is available outside, but is too costly for the organization to purchase it, then the alternative that requires the technology is not practical and is technically infeasible. Selecting the methodology In this we have to select the methodology for our project i. e. Waiter on Wheels customer support system. Basically there are two types of methodology used for the projects Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology and Object Oriented Methodology. We have chosen Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM). Physical design Screen 1: In the screen shot 1 we deal about the customer information. Here you can clearly see that in the customer information we see that for every customer we have date, customer id, time, customer name and customer address. When the customer places the order we keep record of all the above information. First we note down the time and date at which the customer places the order and give them a customer id. After that we jot down their address. This is all we have in our screen shot 1 Screen 2: In screen shot we deal with the driver’s information that is responsible for delivery. All the details of the driver are fed in the form. The details which includes in the form are as follows: Driver name/id Order id Delivery time Closing shift time Contact no Reporting time Order time Screen 3: Third screen deals with the invoice bill. In this again date, time ,customer id, customer name, customer address are mentioned. There we also mention all the details of order such as items. Quantity and rate. And the total amount. This is for the customer so that he must be made aware of the orer he has placed and how much he is going to pay for his order. Screen4: Fourth screen deals with the transaction per day form. In this form all the details of the daily transaction are mentioned. Transaction form consists of order detail, total number of order placed in a day and total sale. In order detail all the details including the time at which it was ordered, then the name of drivers and his id is written . the name of restaurant and total bill are also mentioned. This helps them to maintain the record of their daily sales. Screen 5: Fifth form deal with all the information related to weekly report. The weekly report consists of information related to Restaurant Payment